A BOOK REVIEW: An Introduction to Indian Christian Theology

An Introduction  to Indian Christian Theology

Robin H. S. Boyed

ISPCK, 2004 ISBN 788172141936, Pages 361

One common and popular definition of theology is simply “faith seeking understanding.” For some theology is always a reflection of the context. When faith from its context seeks for an understanding it is called “Contextual Theology”.

Dr Boyd was a missionary of the Irish Presbyterian Church and Vice-Principal of the Gujarat United School of Theology. He has already put the Church in his debt by several outstanding books. This book is basically author's doctoral thesis presented to Edinburgh University in 1966. The revised edition accommodates new material on several theologians which not mentioned in the first edition.

Some of the main features in contents are as such; Sources of theological tradition (the Syrian tradition, Robert De Nobili tradition and the protestant tradition). The gospel and Indian Renaissance; Ram Mohan Roy, Keshab Chandra Sen. The rational refutation of Hinduism; Nehemiah Goreh. Nothing but the highest; Brahmbandhab Upadhay. Preparation for dialogue; P.D. Devanandan. Indian Theology Today; Surjit Singh, S. Kulandran, Dhanjibhai Fakirbhai, Raymond Panikkar. Types and terms of Indian theological thought; the source of authority, the logic of Indian theology, words for God, God and the world, Words for Christ, Words for Spirit, Man and Sin, The Work of Christ etc. The assessment and a prospect; the emergent of Indian theology, what is Indian theology, Christian theology and Hinduism.

He takes effort to separately analyze each theologian, which is quite helpful to readers. Boyd's laborious and explicit study of the past forgotten, almost lost writings of insignificant Indians and his considerate but well legitimate interpretations, in doing so he pioneers the study in two pivotal respects. First, he actually highlighted all those disremembered theology in the context of India. Second, he looked at these theologies as the product of an attempt of local churches of Indian to make gospel admissible to the hard grounds of India, and then he also analysis it in terms of future Indian mission. We have had studies of Indian theologians; but in these studies they were made to stand out and apart from the life and mission of the Indian Church, more or less as unexpected freaks of nature.

Author has critically analyzed and tries to adjust its counterpart in the first century church. He proves that the people like Chennchaiya, Appasamy, Brahmbanadh etc are the proper evidence for the emergent of theology in India. He also has something very pivotal to comment on the Hindu religion, author sees it as ongoing journey to arrive at something more real, personal and final curtain that is Christ Jesus. His  immense collection  of  material   as an important resource for anyone who is seeking to learn and study the Indian  Christian  theology, makes Boyed  a  pioneer  in  this  field. Introduction to Indian Christian Theology is a very persuasive presentation of the Gospel for Indian inquirers.

From a critical point of view, he should have also talked about what these theologies actually mean in their own context or whether there is any relevance today? Another important feature to be noticed is that the most of the interpretations are western in their approaches. So he proves that no matter how you deal with these theologies, one is bound to analyze it from western optics.

However, I confidently suggest this book to any reader who really finds interest in knowing the historicity and complexity of Indian Christian theology. And also it is a must read to the learners of contextual theology, especially that of the Indian.

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An Understanding of Secularism in India

Secularism as a modern political and constitutional standard implicates two rudimentary concepts. First, people of all faiths and strata of society stand equal before the law, Constitution and government policy. And the second, that there can be, in the real sense of secularity, no mixing up of religion and politics. Therefore, there can neither be discrimination between religions or faiths nor is there room for the hegemony of one religion or majoritarian religious opinions and objectives.

India has the second highest population in the world. When it comes to geographical volume, this country stands at number seven. This country also has its widespread fame of incorporating a secular approach to people of several communities and religions. And this attitude, from the centuries, has contributed to country’s consistent peace and harmony among its citizen.

As it’s pretty apparent to the whole world, that the western perception of secularism is a whole denial or segregation of religion from state. But in India religion plays a vital role in the lives of the people. The notion of secularism developed in India as the same treatment of all religion. Secularism is not merely desirable but essential for the healthy existence of a pluralist society such as India. Mahatma Gandhi’s doctrine of sarva dharma samadbhava treated all religions equally while Nehru’s understanding of secularism dharma nirapekhta preferred that the state would not be influenced by religious attention in its decision making. Thus, Secularism is essential for India because it adjusts the relation between the State and various religious groups on the principle of egalitarianism, especially when there seems to be an uprising struggle between the major and minor religious sects in the country.  

The concept of the secular State implies:

1.      The freedom of religion or irreligion both.

2.      The State must honor all faiths equally.

3.      The state should understand the basic human rights in a collective sense, not in personal motive or gains.

4.      The state must make ignorant people aware the about it.

5.      People of the country must collaborate in maintaining all the religious cultures and traditions without harming them in any way, as fanatic do.

6.      People must bring about a feeling of being in one family and thus helping in eradicating terrorism from country.

However, due to the fanatics group, the secularity of India is also in constant threat. Some of the factors that help maintaining the secular image of our nation India are: democratic form of government, secular education, written constitution, free press and media and spreading globalization etc. With these factors leaders should also encourage interfaith dialogue between religious leaders which can also help country to maintain a balanced religious atmosphere.   

In short, we know that the Indian State is a secular state and works in numerous measures to avert religious hegemony. Our Constitution guarantees Fundamental Rights that are grounded on these secular principles. However, this is not to say that there is no violation of these rights by harming minority in Indian society. Certainly it is because such violations happen frequently that we need a better constitutional mechanism in the first place and we should also think and work toward now strategies to stop them from occurring over and over again.

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A BOOK REVIEW: James W. Sire, The Universe Next Door: A Basic Worldview Catalogue

James W. Sire, The Universe Next Door: A Basic Worldview Catalogue (Third Edition)

Pages: 237

ISBN: 0830818995


Within the past few years the idea of worldview has got more attention for discussion inside the Evangelical Christian circle. Worldview, in one statement is ‘one’s view of the world’ or in other words ‘one’s outlook about world’, a framework of ideas and attitudes about the world. It’s a comprehensive system of beliefs and with answers for a wide range of questions. However, at this point humans are in the wide plethora of reencountering worldview. In this context immediate concern is the clash between two major worldview the biblical worldview and the nonbiblical worldview. How can one be sure of either of their veracity or validity?

In short, James W. Sire, in his first two editions explained the basics of theism, deism, naturalism, nihilism, existentialism, Eastern monism, Marxism, secular humanism, New Age philosophy. And in the third edition he furthered in dating, including a well revised chapter on New Age philosophy and, perhaps most importantly, a new chapter on postmodernism.

In the main features of this book, Sire provides the reader seven meaningful and consistent questions to evaluate each worldview. These seven questions are: What is reality?  What is the nature of the external world around us? What is a human being? What happens to a person at death? Why is it possible to know anything at all? How do we know what is right and wrong? What is the meaning of human history? Author does good experiment as he portrays how these ten contrasting worldviews struggle to address life's real questions and be internally consistent. He then goes on to test assumptions response of each view. In his probe he finds them internally inconsistent. Despite their rational end line, which is a relative construct, is meaningless; some other turns out to be absurd by living in a self-made bubble, everybody decides his or her own goal and essence of life. He says “existentialists are nihilists with tears; postmodernists are nihilists with a smile.”

Ultimately, Sire so challengingly demonstrates that Christian Worldview as far the most consistent in answering the deep rooted questions of life and most acceptable to human beings.

At first look it is purely western in outlook so might not be so appealing to an Indian mind. For an easterner reader it would be just lore, Sire lacks in this area. However, very interesting use of language, no jargons. He also provides enough depth that one can enter into intelligent conversation about the subject matter. Sire's thorough use of footnotes aids in further authenticity to research. Well organized and well-grounded work. I strongly recommended it for anyone who is committed to investigate the worldviews, especially how these worldviews chronologically developed in history. For general awareness, The Universe Next Door is an excellent read.

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A BOOK REVIEW: Jugaad: Innovation Think Frugal, Be Flexible, Generate Breakthrough Growth

Jugaad: Innovation Think Frugal, Be Flexible, Generate Breakthrough Growth 

Authors: Navi Radjou, Jaideep Prabhu and Simone Ahuja 
 Noida 2014
ISBN: 9788184002058

Navi Radjou is an independent innovation and leadership consultant and speaker based in Palo Alto, California. He is also a fellow at Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Jaideep Prabhu is the Jawaharlal Nehru professor of Indian business and enterprise and director of the Centre for India & Global Business at Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. Simone Ahuja is the founder of Blood Orange, a marketing and strategy consultancy with content production capabilities headquartered in Minneapolis and Mumbai.

This book is a collection of striking Jugaad scheme of people all around the world. It describes how people have built enormous companies by simple innovations. Jugaad Entrepreneurs have converted their problems into opportunities. Book is a simple reading and collection of many stories right from International Brands like: 3M, Facebook, Apple to home grown companies like: Big Bazaar, Yes Bank, SBI and many more.

Six key principles of Jugaad

Seek opportunity in adversity: Jugaad entrepreneurs perceive harsh constraints as an invitation to innovate. Modern times we need to transform adversity into an opportunity to bring value to themselves and their communities. For instance, Kanak Das, who lives in a remote village in northeast India, grew tired of riding his bicycle on roads full of potholes and bumps. Rather than complain, he turned this constraint to his advantage by retrofitting his bicycle with a makeshift device that converts the shocks it receives into acceleration energy allowing his bicycle to run faster on bumpy roads.

Do more with less: Jugaad innovators are highly practical in the time of scarcity. The practitioners of Jugaad work with what they’ve got. Doing more with less is in striking contrast to the ‘‘bigger is better.’’ In Chapter Three we find two jugaad entrepreneurs, Gustavo Grobocopatel of Los Grobo (Argentina) and Sunil Mittal of Bharti Airtel (India). They have developed frugal business models to cost-effectively deliver agricultural and telecom services, respectively, to the masses.

Think and act flexibly: Jugaad entrepreneurs’ flexible mindset constantly questions the status quo, keeps all options open, and transforms existing products, services, and business models. Unconstrained by structured processes, Jugaad innovators can quickly respond to unexpected changes in their environment. Jugaad innovators don’t just think outside the box: they create whole new boxes. In chapter four we find Ratan Tata, chairman of the Tata Group, who foresaw a big market for extremely affordable cars and went on to successfully launch the $2,000 Nano in 2009.

Keep it simple: Jugaad isn’t about seeking sophistication or flawlessness by over engineering products, but rather about developing a ‘‘good enough’’ solution that gets the job done. For instance, the open-source software company Ushahidi has developed an elegantly simple solution—the Ushahidi Platform—that relies on mobile SMS (text messaging) to coordinate bottom-up responses to cataclysmic events such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or epidemic outbreaks. The Ushahidi Platform was pioneered in Africa and is now being widely deployed worldwide—including in the US—as a simple yet highly effective crisis management tool. In Chapter Five you will discover how large Western companies such as GM, Philips, and Siemens, as well as a next-generation companies such as Google and Facebook, are using simplicity to ensure that their solutions are accessible and easy-to-use by a large number of users.

Include the margin:  Western firms typically struggle to serve mainstream customers; in contrast, Jugaad entrepreneurs intentionally seek growth Strategy for marginal, underserved customers and pull them into the mainstream. Such entrepreneurs conjure up radically affordable solutions to meet the needs of these underserved markets. Their inclusive business models engage low-income and nontraditional communities. For instance, Dr. Liu Jiren, Chairman and CEO of Neusoft, China’s largest IT solution and service provider, is concerned about the health of eight hundred million Chinese living in rural areas. Dr. Liu’s genuine concern for China’s marginal segments led him to develop inclusive technology solutions, such as telemedicine applications that deliver affordable health care to millions of rural Chinese. Marginal segments that increasingly include middle-class consumers in the United States are purchasing power is being squeezed by the lack of growth in their income over the last decade.

Follow your heart: Jugaadoos do not rely on focus groups or formal market research to decide what products to make nor do they worry how investors will react to their new product strategies. They know their customers and their products intimately and ultimately, they trust and follow their hearts. Specifically, Jugaad entrepreneurs employ intuition, empathy, and passion and other qualities that are increasingly just as important as analytical thinking in navigating a global environment that is ever more diverse, interconnected, and unpredictable. For instance, Kishore Biyani, who is the founder of Big Bazaar, one of India’s largest and most successful retailers, he did not use management consultants to validate his idea of launching retail stores that look, feel, and even smell like chaotic street bazaars.

In this book, authors argue that Jugaad is an important tool that Western companies can add to their existing innovation toolkit. We explore each of the underlying principles of Jugaad and show how they can fortify a structured approach to innovation and achieve growth by adding frugality and agility.

In short, authors provide a wealth of examples of entrepreneurs who have found success by doing more with less’ "Jugaad Innovation”. Jugaad Innovation argues that the West must look to places like India, China, and Africa for a new, bottom–up approach to frugal and flexible innovation. 

I recommend this read to all business people, who are interested in frugal innovation.

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Domenic Marbaniang: Why Believe God? - Illustration

Domenic Marbaniang: Why Believe God? - Illustration: There are many reasons that a man may give for believing in God. But, I think one of the most personal is the rationale of meaningfulness...

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A BOOK REVIEW: Classical Apologetics: A Rational Defense Of The Christian Faith And A Critique Of Presuppositional Apologetics

Book Review : Classical Apologetics: A Rational Defense Of The Christian Faith And A Critique Of Presuppositional Apologetics

Authors: R.C. Sproul, John Gerstner, And Arthur Lindsley

Year: 1984

Pages: 336

ISBN 0310449510

All three authors of this particular effort in apologetics are associated with the Ligonier Valley Study Center. They do not indicate who wrote which sections of the book. However, each author advocates Reformed Christianity. Is it true that a person must accept Christianity on the basis of faith alone? Is there a rational defense of the Christian faith? This is the main ideaof the book by Sproul, Gerstner and Lindsley, namely that Christianity is reasonable and it is rational.

“Classically, natural theology does not stand in contradiction to divine revelation nor does it exclude such revelation. In fact, natural theology is dependent upon divine revelation for its content.” (pg. 12)

The book is divided into three sections:

Sectionone deals with the problems and methods of apologetics. They cover Classical Natural Theology and place it in the crisis of secularism which has worn away at the rational defense of the faith to the “feeling-oriented” appeal to emotional connection. They cover the task of apologetics, the nature of Natural Theology and Fideism, the Biblical evidence to confirm Natural Theology and what we as Christians ought to do to confirm our walk up the mountain of Natural Theology.

Sectiontwo deals with Classical Apologetics in relation to Theistic Proofs, the Deity of Christ, and the Infallibility of Scripture. Here they traverse the theistic arguments for proving God (Ontological, Cosmological and Teleological) with sturdy persuasion and some new understandings. The second was very interesting, and providing a great summary of different arguments, including the ontological, cosmological and teleological arguments for God. This chapter also has chapters dealing with the Spirit and Word of God.

Section three critiques the Presuppositional Apologetics. The authors outline Presuppositional Apologetics, show from history the proponents (Augustine, Luther and Calvin) who held the classical position in variance with Presuppositionalism, and exhibit the starting point of the primacy of the intellect and human autonomy. Next they cover such crucial elements as the Noetic influence of sin, the Self-Attesting God and Analogical Thinking.

It deals with philosophy and apologetics to a greater degree and upholds the classical positioning in contrast to the Presuppositional apologetics made by Cornelius VanTil.

The authors should be enthusiastically applauded for insisting that Christian faith is capable of a reasoned defense. They will not compromise an inch with the destructive idea that heartfelt faith is without intellectual reasons or the idea that to be irrational is a religious virtue. They maintain that God commands believers to reason with unbelievers, not simply proclaim that they must make a groundless, subjective choice. This is a sorely needed emphasis today. We could not agree with it more. On their chosen method of reasoning in defense of Christianity, though, we must agree much less. We must find it, actually, contrary to good reasoning.

The book opens by identifying the object of its apologetical concern: namely, "The Crisis of Secularism" (chap. 1). The central axiom of secularism - and key challenge to Christianity in our day - is the view that "All possible knowledge is restricted to the temporal" (p. 7). Man has an unaided intrinsic ability to reach a knowledge of God, they hold that "natural theology" (the human activity of devising proofs for God's existence) is reflection "dependent upon divine revelation" (p. 25). They tell us that rational apologetics as "pre-evangelism" can establish the cognitive clarification of Christianity and bring the natural man to an intellectual assent, but to take him beyond that to a personal trust in the heart, emotions, and will is solely the work of the Holy Spirit (pp. 21-22).

In the last half of the book, our authors turn to a critique of the presuppositional apologetic, especially as advanced by Cornelius Van Til. According to the authors, Van Til is a "fideist" and, as such, holds that God cannot be known through nature and theistic proof, but only by faith - a faith independent of all rational evidence (p. 27, 34, 35, 185).

I think the way to understand the clash between presuppositional and classical apologetics is to realize that their conflicting claims constitute a strong case for a paradox in the Christian knowledge of God. However,since this is a rather intense read about classical apologetics itnecessitates some contemplation to work thorough. It is an excellent volume on the subject and I heartily recommend this especially to them who have already become familiar with the more critical aspects of apologetics.

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Book Review: When the Critics Ask: A Popular Handbook on Bible Difficulties

Book Review: When the Critics Ask: A Popular Handbook on Bible Difficulties

Authors: Norman Geisler and Thomas Howe

Year: First Edition 1992 by Baker Books

Pages: 600      

ISBN 0-8010-1142-6

Dr. Norman Geisler has written many apologetical books and is a well known scholar and an apologist.  He has a Ph.D. from Loyola University and is Dean of the Southern Evangelical Seminary in Charlotte, North Carolina.  Thomas Howe is an expert in Biblical Languages at the same institution.

In the Preface, Norman Geisler and Thomas Howe support biblical inerrancy by stating that: "The Bible has withstood the criticisms of the greatest skeptics, agnostics, and atheists down through the centuries, and it is able to withstand the feeble efforts of unbelieving critics today." The entire book is an endeavor to proves the same.

They have divided the exhaustive 600 page book into chapters, given to each book of the Bible. With over 800 plus questions, the book also has 3 indices for an immediate and effortless reference. Complex passages or seemingly conflicting passages are discussed, the problem defined, and a clarification given. In the opening chapter they take the observation that the Bible is inerrant since scriptures state that the word of God was given to men to record through inspiration and supervision by the Holy Spirit. Therefore, when troubles come up with interpretation of certain passages, the dilemma lies in context and interpretation, not that the Word is flawed. They have dealt with every book in order, right from Genesis to Revelation.

It offers an excellent resource to counter objections that frequently float up when it comes to alleged Bible inconsistency or fault. I thought the book was well laid out and logical to follow in terms of presentation. I thought that many of the explanations were ample, some were wonderful, a few others seemed to fall a bit short.

While I may not agree with all of the author's conclusions and at the same time many other crucial and controversial passages are skipped. Although they have not covered every single complicated passage with very thorough explanations, I have found the authors' exegesis to be incredibly sound. They reflect on the vital aspects to interpreting a passage, particularly the text's context and historical circumstances. I do assert that this book is not meant to be an all-inclusive overview of Bible difficulties.

However, the language that is used is a very simple layman's style.  If anyone is looking for a high-quality reference book to counter seemingly biblical "contradictions" then this is the book. I discover this book to be of incredible worth in interpreting the scriptures.

At the end I would highly endorse this book for all sorts of readers for couple reasons. First, it’s an amazing book on Bible difficulties for learners and critics both, which give answers to all the key questions, commonly raised. Second, it can also be used as a companion to bible, as a quick commentary. Third, it will also be a great support to strengthen spiritual life of any new believer. Fourth, this is an excellent book on apologetics (basic) so this book will be a "must reading" for anyone who even has a bit of interested in Christian apologetics.

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A BOOK REVIEW: ESCAPE FROM REASON: A PENETRATING ANALYSIS OF TRENDS IN MODERN THOUGHT

ESCAPE FROM REASON: A PENETRATING ANALYSIS OF TRENDS IN MODERN THOUGHT

FRANCIS A. SCHAEFFER

PAGES: 96

ISBN: 0830834052

Francis Schaeffer has been widely recognized as one of the twentieth century’s greatest Christian apologists. Francis August Schaeffer (1912-1984) was an American Christian theologian, philosopher, apologist, and Presbyterian pastor, as well as the founder of the L'Abri community in Switzerland.

In this book Schaeffer has two noble aims; first to analyze the evolution of philosophy from the Christian Middle-Ages up to the Atheist existentialism of Sartre and second to show that Atheism and Mysticism are inadequate before Christianity.

Schaeffer starts off with the rise of modernity (ch.1). Then he moves on with the reformation view (ch.2) before he finally arrives with the birth and characteristics of post-modernity (ch.3) and its impacts in science, art, morality and theology (ch.4-7).

According to Schaeffer it was Aquinas that opened the way for autonomous rationality (in fact the villain of this play is Aquinas). According to Schaeffer, Aquinas claimed that the human will but not human intellect is fallen. This assumption, once popularized, provided the fertile soil for the belief that humans could become independent, autonomous. The outcome was, as Schaeffer puts it, that "nature eats up grace" (p.10), that leads to a modern presupposition of a universe operating under a closed-system excluding any supernatural effects and agents. But Schaeffer aptly describes the problem that "if you begin with an autonomous rationality, what you come to is mathematics (that which can be measured), and mathematics only deals with particulars, not universals. Therefore, you never get beyond mechanics" (p.13).

In first chapter Schaeffer he examines the relationship between ‘grace’ and ‘nature’. He argues that nature has slowly been ‘eating up’ grace. Yet a ‘line’ or ‘gap’ exists between the supposed upper realm of grace and the lower realm of nature. Western society has gone below this line and it has led to despair. This despair is revealed first in philosophy; subsequently, it spreads to art, then music and general culture, before reaching theology.When nature is made autonomous it soon ends up by devouring God, grace, freedom and ultimately man.

In chapter two and three, Schaeffer proposes a history of human philosophy and theology and gives an explanation of contemporary thought, and how to approach it. He traces a line through the renaissance, the reformation, the development of science, Kant, Hegel, Kierkegaard, contemporary existentialism, into contemporary culture. In his analysis of culture he considers the different domains of science, philosophy, and, primarily, the arts.

Furthermore in third chapter, Schaeffer shows how the work of the existentialist philosophers such as Sartre and Heidegger have influenced our society, and indeed the Christian church, more than what most people realize. One of the conclusions that the reader will inevitably draw, after reading this book, is that, in order to be able to successfully present the gospel, we need to truly understand our culture.He repeats his starting point on numerous occasions; namely, that Aquinas's distinction between nature and grace is the source of a dichotomy that has been influencing and destroying culture ever since. On the other hand, his critiques of Kierkegaard and Heidegger are a little bit more interesting, as he shows how these contemporary philosophers have had an enormous influence on our current society.

In fifth chapter Schaeffer contends that since man has failed to unify experience in nature and since also modern man has long since abandoned "grace" or "heaven" or "Scriptures" as the principle of experiential (i.e. existential and ontological and epistemological) unification, he has nothing left but despair. So now, man is trying mysticism, pornography, drugs, death and other forms of ways to 'leap' into something else that can provide meaning. Modern man has given up on dualism. The universe is not rational, it is an impersonal machine and man a part of that. But man is a personality and personhood according to Schaffer cannot be found in a mechanistic universe.

As per my opinion Aquinas taught that there are things that can be known from the light of reason. This is of course, self-evident and it is even biblical (see Romans 1:20 where St. Paul even asserts that the existence of God can be known from the knowledge of created things, so that all have knowledge of God, even those without Divine Revelation in the Scriptures). So Schaffer is a bit mistaken here from a biblical point of view.

Overall despite of this flaw, it’s a wonderful read. Single most pivotal aim is,perhaps he says it best at the conclusion of the book, “Every generation of Christians has this problem and responsibility of learning how to speak meaningfully to its own age" (p.5). "What is said in this book is not a matter of intellectual debate. It is not of interest only to academics. It is utterly crucial of those of us who are serious about communicating the Christian gospel in the twentieth century" (p.67).

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Truthbomb Apologetics: Scottish Theologian James Stewart on Jesus

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