Contact: nikhilrajgupta09@gmail.com

Love in the Supreme Ethics

Showing posts with label Book review. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Book review. Show all posts

Friday, 5 May 2017

Sagashiteimasu by Arthur Binard [A Storytelling of Hiroshima & Nagasaki Bombing] : A Book Review


 

The book is about storyteller objects; objects that experienced the uranium bombing in Hiroshima & Nagasaki.


I happened to meet this brilliant poet at Japan Foundation New Delhi. He came there to deliver a talk about the same and read his poems. Interestingly enough, this is among some of those few works that has moved me emotionally and opened my eyes to the untold stories.

 

Arthur Binard is a well-known poet. He was born in Michigan in 1967. Is an American born in Ohio who got fascinated by Japanese twin ways of pronunciation went Tokyo after his graduation in English literature at Colgate University and began his studies in Japanese language. However, after just one semester of his studies in Ohio he took off and headed to Madras, in southeast India, to study the Tamil language. “I still hope to become fluent in Tamil someday,” he said, which is interesting for Indian readers to know. An interest in the ideogram led him to Japan where he now writes poetry and prose, in both English and Japanese. In 2001 he was awarded the Nakahara Chuya Prize for Tsuriagetewa, a book of his poems in Japanese. He received the Kodansha Essay Award for Nihongo Pokori-Pokori, and the Japan Picturebook Prize for Home is Here, Ben Shahn’s Lucky Dragon and also won the Yamamoto Kenkichi Literature Prize in 2008. And he is also a Winner of the Kodansha Award for Picture Books, 2013. 


And the man behind artistically capturing the pictures displayed in the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum is Tadashi Okakura.


On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first installed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. After arriving at the U.S. base on the Pacific island of Tinian, the more than 9,000-pound uranium-235 bomb was loaded aboard a modified B-29 bomber christened Enola Gay (after the mother of its pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets). The plane dropped the bomb–known as “Little Boy”–by parachute at 8:15 in the morning, and it exploded 2,000 feet above Hiroshima in a blast equal to 12-15,000 tons of TNT, destroying five square miles of the city. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and instantly killed 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. 


Hiroshima’s destruction failed to draw immediate Japanese surrender. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. Japan’s Emperor Hirohito pronounced his country’s unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, citing the devastating power of “a new and most cruel bomb.” On August 9 Major Charles Sweeney flew another B-29 bomber, Bockscar, from Tinian. Thick clouds over the primary target, the city of Kokura, drove Sweeney to a secondary target, Nagasaki, where the plutonium bomb “Fat Man” was dropped at 11:02 that morning. More powerful than the one used at Hiroshima, the bomb weighed nearly 10,000 pounds and was built to produce a 22-kiloton blast. The topography of Nagasaki, which was nestled in narrow valleys between mountains, reduced the bomb’s effect, limiting the obliteration to 2.6 square miles.


This book entitled Sagashiteimasu is originally written in Japanese, translated into Hindi language as “Main Dhoondh Raha Hoon” [in English "I'm Searching"] by Tadashi Okakura and the English version is under process. 


A clogged wall clock of a barber shop, power glasses of a man who ran a bag shop, a pair of gloves of a 12 years old boy worked in construction project, lunchbox of a small school girl, Keys of a prison, Shoes of a child labour, cap of a school boy stuck in his head, steps of a bank after attack completely disappeared; all charred by radioactive ways of uranium bomb searching for its owners who disappeared in the bombing.

 

The pictures below are among the fourteen ordinary daily used items, all atomic-bombed on August 6 1945, printed in this photography book as “storytellers,” each one illuminating its tale to the unaware readers of a disastrous scene. Since the morning of that day when Pika-don (in Japanese, the atomic bomb but literally a great light) was plummeted on Hiroshima, these objects are seen as though they have been searching for the lives they once embodied in daily routine, now seems to have been vanished uninformed. 


Apparently, American bombed Japan with fire bomb and killed 100000 people, however, the place which was targeted was not an imperial palace or any center of military or finance or political figures but slums that incorporated poor group of people. This proves that the attacks were not destined towards ending the war. 

 

Usually when we see a bomb as an outsider we notice a mushroom cloud or jellyfish or cauliflower cloud but at its core people scorched to death by 4000 degree Celsius, whereas 40 degree makes us uncomfortable.  

 

Author argues that Atom bomb is a completely mistaken name of this device, however, it’s used because it's good for the marketing propaganda for increase in sale. When you drop a bomb you are not splitting atoms but nucleus. 

Press code regulated by American government in Hiroshima prohibited any talk on this vile event until 1950s. Even there were raids on exhibitions. In every exhibition of paintings depicted unspeakable portrayal of this gory disaster occurred. Bomb used Nakasaki was plutonium which is more powerful than uranium device which was used in Hiroshima. Before bomb was used it was experimented in Manhattan. This Manhattan project was about atomic bomb which was completely illegal, therefore, was done secretly by American government. 


July 20th to august 14th more than 60 plutonium bombs were dropped. Why America did two bombs experiments? Was the question posed by author. This was sheer experiment for selling and promotion of bombs by America. It was quite fascinating to hear this from an American guy.


This writing doesn’t only, creatively informs its readers about the American assault on innocent civilians but also cautiously portrays an alarming danger of nuclear and atomic weapons that lies beneath many of the nations. The author alarms the reader to the disastrous risk of nuclear fission with as little as one kilogram of uranium, and campaigns against use of nuclear power.









Statistics Source: http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki

 

Sunday, 11 September 2016

Book Review: Philosophical Theology and Christian Doctrine by Brian Hebblethwaite


Year: 2005, Pages: 192, ISBN: 0631211527

This book is an aid to the series Exploring the Philosophy of Religion edited by Michael L. Peterson. The aim of this series is to deal with topics in philosophy of religion so as to illustrate and discuss literature pertinent to them. Hebblethwaite served as Fellow and Dean of Chapel at Queens’ College, Cambridge, from 1969 to 1994 and as Lecturer in Philosophy of Religion in the Faculty of Divinity at Cambridge from 1973 to 1999. He was appointed Canon Theologian at Leicester Cathedral in 1983 and served in this role until 2001.

Brian Hebblethwaite's particular concern is 'to survey and comment on recent work by Anglo-American philosophers of religion in the analytic tradition on the doctrines of the Christian creed' (Pg. 12).

Chapters’ Summary:

Starting from chapters on philosophy of religion and theology, and on revelation, the creation, the Incarnation, the Trinity, the salvation, and life after death. In a concluding chapter Hebblethwaite rounds off his volume by turning to what he calls 'Other Themes in Christian Doctrine'. These are: the church, the sacraments, the philosophy of worship, and 'the doctrine of providence'.
'A major purpose of this book', he writes, 'is to encourage both sides to respect each other and learn from each other' (Pg.5). Indeed, some theologians inclined towards Karl Barth have espoused a distinctly anti-rational approach, disagreeing that a complete theology will have a logic that is inaccessible to the human mind. Hebblethwaite persuasively contends that the questions theology is interested in cannot escape philosophical inquiry as concerned to truth and rationality. Hebblethwaite is conscious that there are theologians who continue to repel the invasions by philosophers in theological terrain. In a passion of harmonizing, he inspires both philosophers and theologians to receive each other and to get profited from what each have to say about other.
Christian theologians have nothing to fear, and everything to gain, from allowing their subject matter to be discussed and scrutinized in such an open context' (Pg.8). Readers should note, however, that Hebblethwaite sees good philosophical sense to be coming from analytic rather than other trend of philosophy. He is quite unconcerned of what is sometimes called 'continental philosophy'.
One of the key doctrines that marks Christianity apart from other religions is that of the incarnation; the idea that Jesus Christ was the ‘incarnate Son of God’ (Pg. 57).
When it comes to the Incarnation, Hebblethwaite inclines to idea, which calls to be traditional opinion. Hebblethwaite does, however, seem to validate the proposal that there are a priori reasons for being certain of that God is somehow more than one. 'The individual is something of an abstraction', he writes. 'Maximal greatness cannot be modelled on such abstraction. It must include, essentially, interpersonal relation' (Pg.93). Hebblethwaite also speaks up for what he calls 'social trinitarianism' (Pg. 76). 'The Trinitarian distinctions and relations', Hebblethwaite tells us, 'are internal to the Ultimate. There are not, and could not be, three ultimates, externally related' (Pg.87).
Chapter on salvation, Hebblethwaite (distancing himself from what he calls 'subjective' theories of the Atonement), opts for an account which, he thinks, allows us to give weight both to the demands of justice and to the notion of forgiveness (Chapter 6). When it comes to the final happiness of all people, Hebblethwaite seems to support a doctrine of universal salvation. 'It is', he notes, 'hard not to agree with Adams that Stump's and Swinburne's views of the nature of eternal loss are no more compatible with the goodness and love of God than is the traditional doctrine of everlasting punishment' (Pg.125).
The book gives a glimpse at many diverse questions, but seldom spends ample amount of time concentrating on any one question. His deductions may be right, but he does not pay adequate time to present so. He travels far too rapidly. Each chapter contains around seven or eight sub-sections concentrating on mostly different subjects, which means that the book addresses something in the region of sixty deep problems in philosophical theology. This is not a disappointing thing with the book, however, since its goal is to offer an outline of these many problems.

Hebblethwaite’s book offers a brilliant start for anyone wanting to embark an investigation in this area, since the extensive notes offer a widespread bibliography of the discipline. Because the drive of the book is to familiarize the reader to a huge number of discussions in philosophical theology; it is quite, simply put, wide than being deep in its subject matter. This book will be accessible to those with an elementary basis in philosophy or a basic knowledge of Christian theology. I recommend this to all who are interested in philosophical theology, especially that of the liberal perspective. 

Image Source:https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41BS0FZ7NSL._SX329_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg 

Monday, 22 August 2016

Book Review: Our Idea of God: An Introduction to Philosophical Theology by Thomas V Morris

Year: 1991, Pages: 192
Thomas V. Morris (born 1952) is a former Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame; he is also a business and motivational speaker as founder and chairman of the Morris Institute for Human Values. He has written a number of other books, such as Francis Schaeffer's apologetics: A critique, Making Sense of It All: Pascal and the Meaning of Life, God and the Philosophers: The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason, C. S. Lewis as Philosopher: Truth, Goodness and Beauty, etc.
An Overview if the chapters:
In first chapter, author discusses about the project of philosophical theology. He establishes that the God-talk is possible philosophically. It’s not groundless as many assume.
In the second chapter, Morris talks about the concept of Go. He tells about the problems in the methods that have been used for developing theologies or to talk about theology. At this point, he proposed a methodology attributed to Anselm called `perfect being theology'
In chapter three, author provides various perspectives about God’s goodness and then moves on to stress on the necessity of God’s goodness. If God did not exist, then the property of goodness would not exist.  
In chapter four, we read about the magnanimity of God’s power. How powerful and sovereign God is? The theological concept of the omnipotence is philosophically analyzed.
In chapter five, author deals with the epistemological issues in theology, mainly the knowledge of God. The nature of God’s knowledge. Does God’s knowledge surpasses futuristic events? Certainty and uncertainty about God’s knowledge. In chapter six books opens a talk on being of God, his existence and simplicity. In chapter six, author talks about being of God, Necessity, Divine simplicity. In chapter seven, author opens a discussion on God’s eternality. In eighth chapter, he deals with the nature and creaturely dependence of creation. In the final chapter author talk about the incarnation and trinity.
Morris started Chapter 1 as a shield for the possibility that finite beings like us could have a rational dialogue about God. Mainly, he sought to establish as logically self-defeating the skeptics' assertions that no human concepts or language could apply to the infinite God. How could one `know' that God is utterly unknowable? However, the mere possibility of thinking and talking rationally about God does not mean we can find sure ground for sureness. "If God is infinite Mind and has brought into existence minded creatures in his image, then it might be expected that those creatures' minds could grasp something of his existence and nature" (Pg. 25). "It is no exaggeration to add that it is one of the most important truths about God" (Pg. 138) a truth concisely worded by Aquinas: “Anything that exists in any way must necessarily have its origin from God” (Pg. 139).
In Chapter 2, the author argued the method of how we could go about doing it. At this stage, he suggested a methodology credited to Anselm called `perfect being theology' (that which no greater can be conceived). Afterwards, he put this method to the test in discoursing key theistic ideas like God's goodness, power, knowledge, being, eternity and creation. In the final chapter, he sought to vindicate the particularly Christian doctrines of Trinity and Incarnation as logically conceivable without evading any of the mentioned divine attributes.
Theology, according to the etymology of the word, is simply rational discourse about God. (Pg. 17). “However, as I have indicated, the thesis of spatial simplicity is widely endorsed by theists, and the thesis of temporal simplicity, while nowadays very controversial, is endorsed by numerous thoughtful theists, and is intimately related to the ideas of divine eternity and immutability, which require discussion in their own right”. (Pg. 118).
“Time, it has been suggested by many theorists, is just a measure of the existence of physical objects” (Pg. 125). Morris' delivery of many basic philosophical matters in theology is as clear as it can get. At the same time, its content surpasses way beyond naïve descriptions that fall so short of our anticipations. I think that if you have some acquaintance with philosophy like having taken some preliminary level classes, you will, with a reasonable amount of effort, find this book immensely satisfying and rewarding.
In summary, the author has been careful to maintain his method and applied it in a way that reaffirmed the basic forms of classical theism in a way that is delicate to how these ideas interrelate with each other. He presented many useful illustrations to make the abstract ideas more coherent to the target readers. Alternate views were justly discussed and assessed in a brief manner.

Written from a Christian perspective, I believe it can significantly fortify one's understanding of God. Extremely recommendable to people interested in philosophy and theology. Its asset lies in lucidity and profundity, a good mixture for a philosophy book. This book is also meant to serve as an elementary introduction to philosophical theology.




Image Source: http://thumbs.ebaystatic.com/images/g/dDsAAOSwEK9T7cL8/s-l225.jpg

Wednesday, 17 August 2016

Book Review: Philosophy & the Christian Faith by Colin Brown

Pages: 320, Year: 1969, ISBN-10: 0877847126


Colin Brown is senior professor of Systematic Theology at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. He served as editor of The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and is the author of several books, including Miracles and the Critical Mind, History and Faith, and Jesus in European Protestant Thought.

Chapters include:

I. Medieval Philosophy; Augustine and Greek philosophy 2. Metaphysics 3. Anselm and Ontological Argument 4. Aquinas; Five ways and analogy 5. The significance of Medieval Philosophy

II. Reformation thought
Rationalism; Decartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Pascal, Empiricist; Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Enlightenment; Rousseau, Voltaire, Lessing, Kant

III. 19th century philosophy
1.      Schleiermacher, Hegel and Idealism, Kierkegaard, Atheism and Agnosticism; Feuerbach, Marx and Dialectical Materialism, Nietzsche, Comte and Positivism, Mill and Utilitarianism, Peirce, James and Pragmatism, Darwin.
2.      Trend in theology; Liberal Theology, Catholic reaction, conservative scholarship

IV. 20th century philosophy
Logical positivism, Reaction, Religious language, Existentialism; Bultmann and Tillich, New Radicalism; Bonhoeffer, Honest to God and Death of God
Secular British philosophy; Wittenstein, Moore and Russell, Humanism; Otto, Buber and Teilhard, Neothomis, Reformed theology; Til, Barth, Schaeffer.

He categorizes his work thus; "Histories of philosophy are not normally designed to be read through in bed, and the present one is not necessarily intended to be read through consecutively."
Colin Brown uncovers an astute brief review of alternative philosophical bases of Christian doctrine that influenced the faith of Christians in the course of history. This is an orderly work of an unusually gifted, and intensely dedicated theologian to present an analytical history of philosophy, with an emphasis on the diverse interpretations of the constant encounters of the trends and approaches of philosophy with Christian faith. Colin Brown concludes in the postscript with lessons from the past criticizing the inadequacy of philosophical systems. Although he cautions against reliance on a particular philosophy, he identifies the need of the philosophy's stimulating analysis that pushes Christian theologians to reassess their positions.

In contrast to his planned fast tour of medieval philosophy, he already started to interpret Anselm by Barth and Hartshorne. The author gave the Twentieth Century a comparative elaborate and critical assessment of new drifts in logical positivism, and religious language before he analyses existentialism in the instance of Bultmann and Tillich. He then presents New Radicalism in Bonhoeffer, before his thorough exposition of J.A.T. Robinson's, Honest to God. He would not abstain from analyzing the 'Death of God' movement, but gives his overview on Cornilius Van Till and Francis Schaeffer.

“As we saw when we were looking at theological trends in the nineteenth century, Evangelicals made great contributions to evangelism and even to biblical scholarship; but they contributed little or nothing to the philosophical defense of their faith. For many, scholarship had a largely negative value. It was useful to defend the faith against hostile criticism. Few Evangelicals seem to have considered the philosophical implications of a faith based upon God's revelation of himself and their significance for apologetics." (Pg. 245)

Author closes, "The task of the philosophy of religion is the descriptive and critical analysis of the act, content and presuppositions of belief... It will seek to analyze the phenomenon of prayer, and the validity of claims that are made that God answers prayer. It will be interested in the credentials of alleged miracles (both biblical and otherwise). The question of the existence of evil is one which each generation has to face. It will be especially interested in the Christian claim that God is the creator of the world and its sustainer in the light of the widespread assumption that the world is to be explained entirely in terms of natural causes. The study of philosophy is no task for those who have opted out of life... There are many unsolved problems... But because the Christian is convinced that God is the God of all truth, he will not lose heart." (Pg. 288-289)


Unlike most histories of philosophy, he does not start with the Greeks, but with medieval philosophy (Augustine, Anselm, Thomas Aquinas, etc. The objective of this book is to make a study of the core thinkers and cerebral movements of western thought of the past thousand years, with a view to presenting how they move Christian belief. In just over 300 pages, Brown covers a lot of ideas. For anyone interested in philosophical studies, this is a great introduction to philosophical theology, or for a general overview of the history of philosophy. 


Image Source: http://d.gr-assets.com/books/1348637703l/617084.jpg

Saturday, 13 August 2016

Book Review: Introduction to Philosophy: A Christian Perspective by Norman L. Geisler and Paul D. Feinberg


Year: 1987, Pages: 447, ISBN-10: 0801038189

Norman L. Geisler (born 1932) is a Christian systematic theologian, philosopher, and apologist. He is the co-founder of two non-denominational Evangelical seminaries (Veritas Evangelical Seminary and Southern Evangelical Seminary). He holds a Ph.D. in philosophy from Loyola University and is well known for his scholarly contributions to the subjects of classical Christian apologetics, systematic theology, the history of philosophy, philosophy of religion, the creationism and evolution debate, Calvinism, Roman Catholicism, biblical inerrancy, Bible difficulties, ethics, and more. He is the author, coauthor, or editor of over 90 books and hundreds of articles.
Feinberg was born on August 13, 1938, to Charles Lee and Anne Priscilla Feinberg. His family moved from Dallas, Texas to Los Angeles, California in 1948 when his father became the first dean of Talbot Theological Seminary. Feinberg earned his B.A. (1960) from the University of California at Los Angeles, his B.D. (1963) and Th.M. (1964) from Talbot Theological Seminary, his Th.D. (1968) from Dallas Theological Seminary, his M.A. (1971) from Roosevelt University and his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. He was an American theologian, author, and professor of systematic theology and philosophy of religion at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School.

A brief outline of the book:

Part one: Introduction to Philosophy
1. What Is Philosophy? 2. Disciplines Within philosophy 3. Methodology in Philosophy 4. The Tools of Philosophy 5. The Challenge of Philosophy

Part two: What Is Knowledge?
6. Can We Know? 7. How Can We Know? 8. Is Certainty Possible? 9. How Do We Perceive the External World? 10. How Are Believes Justified?

Part three: What Is Reality? 
11. Is Reality One or Many? 12. The Relationship Between Mind and Body 13. Is Man Free? 14. Does Man Survive Death? 15. Are There Other Minds? 16. What Is Truth?

Part four: What Is the Ultimate?
17. The Relationship between Faith and Reason 18. What Is Meant by ``God''? 19. Does God Exist? 20. How Can We Talk About God? 21. The Problem of Evil 22. Can We Experience God?

Part five: What Is Good or Right?
23. What Is the Right? 24. How Do We Know What Is Right? 25. The Relationship between Rules and Results 26. Is the Right Universal? 27. Do Moral Duties Ever Conflict?
Geisler and Feinberg offer a brief definition of philosophy: “Philosophy is, then, the critical analysis of fundamental concepts of human inquiry, and the normative discussion of how human thought and action ought to function, as well as the description of the nature of reality.” (Pg. 17). "Christianity can stand up to the intellectual challenge mounted against it. The result of such a challenge should not be the loss of faith, but the priceless possession of a well-reasoned and mature faith." (Pg. 22).

Even though this book is written as a textbook, I found it very valuable. Two of the most significant chapters for the new philosopher are, "The Tools of Philosophy," and, "The Challenge of Philosophy." The Tools chapter is a discussion of how arguments are built and how to assess them. The Challenge chapter discusses the goals of philosophy and the role the philosophy plays for the Christian (comprising "The Biblical Basis for Christian Philosophy")

This is obviously an area that thoughtful Christians need to have some familiarity. As the authors opine: 'Without a thorough knowledge of philosophy the Christian is at the mercy of the non-Christian in the intellectual arena.
Geisler and Feinberg make their position clear: 'God places no premium on ignorance. Christians do not receive a spiritual reward for an ignorant faith.' In fact, the Scriptures make it clear that Christians are to love God with all of their being, including their minds.

The book requires some thinking but is really a delight to read. One feels really well-fed after reading it, and has a deeper look at what he encounter in his own experience.
Each chapter is then shadowed by some deductions that are attuned with Christian Theism. The authors include a glossary, which provides quick definitions for terms such as: Logic, non sequitur, theism, accident, antinomy, deontology etc. There is also an index.

I strongly recommend this book for Christians who are studying philosophy at the university or college level and for Christians interested in philosophy, apologetics, etc


Image Source:https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41JDLVDX9qL._SX331_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg

Friday, 22 May 2015